The olive varieties we know today trace their roots back to trees first domesticated by humans around 6,000 years ago in the regions of present-day Syria and Palestine—where the earliest evidence of olive cultivation has been discovered.

The history of the olive is inseparable from the centuries-old evolution of Mediterranean civilization. It stands as one of its most enduring symbols and remains a vital part of the landscape that continues to define the environment.

The olive tree, Olea europaea sativa of the Oleaceae family, exists in more than 700 locally adapted varieties known as cultivars. These are primarily found between the 35th and 45th parallels of northern latitude—an area with a temperate climate that meets the tree’s needs for both minimum and maximum temperatures. This unique combination of geo-climatic conditions is perfectly embodied throughout the Mediterranean coastal belt.

The choice of which cultivars to plant varies from region to region and depends largely on the soil’s geomorphology and the climatic conditions of the olive grove. Over time, each area has selectively cultivated varieties best suited to its environment. Through centuries of gradual adaptation, these cultivars have developed distinct characteristics. Today, many of them are officially recognized and protected under European Union Regulation No. 2081/92, which protects the designations of origin and geographical indications of agricultural products.